Nicholas Bostrom gained notoriety declaring that the most likely explanation for the Fermi Paradox or Great Silence - the apparent absence of detectable technological civilizations in the galaxy - is that Everybody Fails in one way or another.
Unless life and sapience are rare - or humanity just happens to be first upon the scene - then, following a conclusion first drawn by Prof. Robin Hanson, any discovery of alien life would be *bad* news.
There are complexities I left out, of course, and others have elaborated on the cheery Great Filter Hypothesis. But hold it in mind as we look at another piece of trademarked doom.
Now at one level, this is almost an “um, duh?” tautology. Barring apocalypse, some more-formalized structure of interaction will clearly help humanity - in its increasingly diverse forms and definitions - to mediate contrary goals and interests. The quaint notion that all will remain “nations” negotiating “relations” endlessly onward into centuries and millennia is as absurd as the conceit in that wonderful flick ALIENS, that interstellar threats in the 29th century will be handled by the United States of America Marine Corps. So sure, there will be some consolidation.
“The philosopher argues that historically there’s been a trend for our societies to converge in “higher levels of social organization”. We went from bands of hunter gatherers to chiefdoms, city-states, nation states and now multi-national corporations, the United Nations and so forth…”
Okay then, putting aside “um, duh” generalities, what is it Nick Bostrom actually proposes? Will ever-increasing levels of interaction be controlled from above by some centralized decision-making process? By AI god-minds? By a Central Committee and Politburo? By an Illuminati of trillionaires? Far from an original concept, these are all variations on an old and almost universally dominant pattern in human affairs.
Elsewhere I describe how this vision of the future is issued almost daily by court intellectuals in Beijing, who call it the only hope of humankind. See “Central Control over AI... and everything else.”
Sure, American instincts rebel against this centralizing notion. But let’s remember that (a) much of the world perceives Americans as crazy, taking individualism to the absurd levels of an insane cult, and (b) there are strong forces and tendencies toward what both Bostrom and the PRC heads foresee. These forces truly are prodigious and go back a long way. As we’ll see, a will to gather-up centralizing power certainly bubbles up from human nature! This suggests that it will be an uphill slog to prevent the “singleton” that Bostrom, the PRC, the trillionaires and so many others portray as inevitable.
Nevertheless, there is a zero-sum quality to this thinking that portrays individualism and ornery contrariness as somehow opposites of organization, or cooperative resilience against error. This despite their role in engendering the wealthiest, most successful and happiest civilization to date. Also the most self-critical and eager to root out injustice.
Is it conceivable that there is a positive sum solution to this algebra? Perhaps, while creating macro institutions to moderate our contradictions and do wise planning, we might also retain the freedom, individuality and cantankerous eccentricity that have propelled so much recent creativity?
The notion of meshing these apparent contradictions is portrayed in my novel Earth, wherein I try to show how these imperatives are deeply compatible in a particular and somewhat loose type of “singleton.” (You will like what I do with the 'Gaia Hypothesis'!)
This positive-sum notion is also visible in most of the fiction written by Kim Stanley Robinson. But hold that thought.
== Diving Right In ==
Okay, first let’s discuss the part of Bostrom’s argument that’s clearly on-target. Yes, there are major forces that regularly try to cram human civilization into pyramids of privilege and power, of the sort that oppressed 99% of our ancestors… feudal or theocratic aristocracies who crushed fair opportunity, competition and innovation, all so that top males could have incantation-excuses to pass unearned power to their sons. Oligarchy - enabling top males to do what male animals almost always do, in nature - certainly does fit Bostrom’s scenario and that of Karl Marx, culminating in absolute monarchy or narrow oligarchy… or else in centralized rule by a privileged party, which amounts to the same thing.
By serving the reproductive advantages of top lords (we're all descended from their harems), this pattern has been self-reinforcing (Darwinian reproductive success), and hence it might also be prevalent among emerging sapient races, all across the galaxy! Look at elephant seals and stallions, or the lion-like aliens in C.J. Cherryh’s wonderful Pride of Chanur science fiction series, to see how naturally it might come about, almost everywhere.
Basically, the pervasive logic of male reproductive competition might lead all tech species to converge upon the purely caste-dominated system of a bee or ant hive, as portrayed in Brave New World or Robert Silverberg's Nightwings, only with kings instead of queens.
But let's dial-back the galactic stuff and focus on Earth-humanity, which followed a version of this pattern in 99% of societies since agriculture. This applies to old-style elites like kings and lords… and to contemporary ones like billionaires, inheritance brats, Wall Streeters and “ruling parties” … and seems likely to hold as well for new elites, like Artificial Intelligences. Indeed, a return to that nasty pattern, only next time under all-powerful cyber-AI lords, is the distilled nightmare underlying most Skynet/robo-apocalypse scenarios! Why would Skynet crush us instead of using us? Think about that.
This trend might seem satisfying to some, who simplistically shrug at the obvious destiny awaiting us. Only, there’s a problem with such fatalism. It ignores a fact that should be apparent to all truly sapient entities - that those previous, pyramidal-shaped, elite-ruled societies were also spectacularly stoopid! Their record of actual good governance, by any metric at all, is abysmal.
== Back to the Singleton Hypothesis ==
Bostrom paints a picture of inevitability: “A singleton is a plausible outcome of many scenarios in which a single agency obtains a decisive lead through a technological breakthrough in artificial intelligence or molecular nanotechnology. An agency that had obtained such a lead could use its technological superiority to prevent other agencies from catching up, especially in technological areas essential for its security.”
And sure, that clearly could happen. It’s even likely to happen! Just glance at the almost-unalloyedly horrible litany of errors that is called history. Again, governing atrociously and unimaginatively, ALL of those “singleton” oligarchies, combined, never matched the fecundity of the rare alternative form of governance that burgeoned in just a few places and times. An alternative called Periclean Enlightenment (PE).
== Humans find an alternative social 'attractor state' ==
In the Athens of Pericles, the Florence of da Vinci, in Renaissance Amsterdam and in the recent democratic West, experiments in a (relatively) flat social structure, empowered larger masses of entities called ‘citizens’ to work together or to compete fairly, and thus to evade most of oligarchy’s inherent idiocy.
Despite its many flaws, the most recent and successful PE featured a cultural tradition of self-criticism that wan't satisfied when the US Founders expanded power from 0.01% to 20% of the population. Immediately after that expansion of rights was achieved, Ben Franklin started abolitionist societies and newpapers and ground was seeded for the next expansion, and the next. Moreover, despite wretched setbacks and a frustrating, grinding pace, the expansion of horizons and inclusion and empowerment continues.
And hence we come to a crucial point: these rare PE experiments - by utilizing the power of competitive accountability - emulate the creative-destruction processes of Nature herself! Especially the feature that (and dig this well) evolution is hardly ever centralized!
"Singletons" in nature are generally unhealthy or often lethal, even to whole ecosystems.
== There is no “lion king” ==
Indeed, elite lion prides are often fought or even hunted down and culled to lower, sustainable predator population levels by herbivores like Cape Buffalo. (Did you know that? Roaming gangs of young, male buffalo go about hunting lions, especially the cubs? And thus Nature maintains some balance? Consider that, oh would-be oligarchs.)
This is one of the root causes for the governance-stupidity of feudalism. Indeed, we only began emulating nature’s fecund “creative destruction” when we (on rare occasion) avoided over-centralization of control! Heck, actually try reading the Declaration of Independence, some time. The paramount and repeated complaints of the real tea party guys were about oligarchy.
How do Periclean Enlightenments do it? By applying competitive pressures even on society's top tiers. Hence our neo-western mythology of Suspicion of Authority, discussed elsewhere, which is now (alas) being used against us.
Yes, unleashing competition - (in the liberal, Adam Smith don't-waste-talent way, not the insane New Right way) - has finally allowed us to escape feudal stupidity and emulate Nature's creativity. Though ideally, in a PE, the competitive win-lose cycle is designed to be far less bloody than in nature, more gentle and with many second chances.
Nevertheless, even (especially) when it is cooperatively tuned to be flat-fair and transparent, it is a competitively open PE society that governs better - by far - than any centralized “singleton.”
Hence, I rank Bostrom's 'singleton' notion very likely as a failure mode. A devastatingly common mistake that could be one of the more prevalent "Fermi Paradox' explanations - in that many ETICS out there fall into his pattern and thusly lose their chance at the stars.
Indeed, we humans may prove to be the exception because we have shown that we can produce an alternative attractor state.
== Are any AI out there reading this? ==
Any advanced AI who knows even a smidgeon of ecology and human history will perceive what seems so hard for centralizers to grasp. Those super smart AIs will know which attractor is more likely to be productive, healthy, un-stoopid and conducive to further progress. And that better-attractor state is not the dismal, centralizing one.
That way out - a soft landing I have talked about ever since Earth (1990) - is to craft central institutions that maintain foresight and justice and opportunity, but that also foster a diverse ecosystem of relatively equal entities, who both cooperate and compete in ways that apply reciprocal accountability on each other for errors (especially accountability aimed upward!) and maximize creative fecundity.
And yes, that means foremost remaining dedicated and vigilant to prevent any truly monolithic “singleton”.
Yes, such systems will always be (as ours is, now) vulnerable to attempts by competing entities to cheat and grab all power and become tyrannical singletons!
Bostrom assumes that such putsches are unavoidable and that the alternative, Periclean attractor state can never last. His view is shared by an international cabal of party commissars and mafias and finance oligarchs and casino moguls and media savanarolas currently trying to re-establish inheritance-based rule by scion brats and delusional fops.
Exactly the pattern that utterly failed in the past and that has zero chance of un-stupidity in the future.
== An attempt at distillation... okay a summary ==
These days, you just cannot expect folks to “read” a missive like this one. Most will skim. Alas. And hence let me summarize:
I asserted that most past efforts at creating singleton societies were in the reproductive self interest of ruling castes. And hence they governed their states badly. But the far older (four billion years) approach in natural ecosystems - that of distributed competition - generally avoids singletons. (Again, there is no "lion king.")
The most successful human societies allowed some flow of flat competition and upward accountability, as in natural ecosystems.
So, while there will be macro-organized structures in future human society, to avoid war, establish justice frameworks and nurture talent, it would be stupid of AI lords to re-create the unproductive version of a 'singleton' pushed by kings, oligarchs, mafias, party politburos and Nick Bostrom.
The crux of this 'singleton" stuff ==
Naturally, this boils down to a Hollywood cliché. And no matter that his vision does align with most of human history. Alas, while brilliant, Nick is predictably insistent upon gloom fetishes.
But. I guess we'll find out.
